The Concept of Knowledge (‘IL) in Islamic Civilization: Foundations, Evolution, and Contemporary Relevance

Abstract

The concept of knowledge (‘elm) occupies a central and sacred position in Islamic civilization. Unlike secular epistemologies, which often distinguish between sacred and profane domains, Islamic thought integrates all forms of knowledge within a divine ontological framework rooted in taw hid (the unity of God). This paper critically examines the Qur’an and Prophetic foundations of ‘elm, tracing its philosophical, spiritual, and social dimensions throughout Islamic intellectual history. The study explores how classical Muslim scholars, including al-Ghazi, Ibn Sian, al-Formby, and Ibn Chaldean, developed sophisticated epistemological systems that reconciled reason (‘all) and revelation (way), science and spirituality, theory and praxis. Furthermore, the paper highlights the institutional manifestations of ‘elm in Islamic civilization, such as the emergence of madras, libraries, translation movements, and the Bayt al-Hamah (House of Wisdom). The ethical imperative of knowledge, its transformative role in cultivating character (akhlāq), and its link to human responsibility (talkie) are also explored. The final section reflects on the challenges facing the Muslim amah in reclaiming an integrated vision of knowledge in the contemporary era, where fragmentation, scientism, and utilitarianism threaten the holistic Islamic epistemic legacy. Through an interdisciplinary approach, combining theology, philosophy, and history, this study argues that the revival of the Qur’an paradigm of ‘elm is essential for intellectual and civilizational renewal in the Muslim world.